In order to predict and evaluate the environmental vibration caused by the viaduct rail traffic，this paper proposes a semianalytical and semi-numerical method，in which the high-speed train-periodic bridge-pile group foundation-soil coupling model is established on the basis of the d’Alembert principle，the infinite periodic structure theory and the thin layer method with perfectly matched layer-volume method. Furthermore，the prediction method is accomplished by Matlab programming and validated by existed results. The concept of field vibration response spectrum（FVRS）is proposed，whose characteristics are analyzed by a numerical example，respectively from the influence of train speed，predominant period of site soil，and the location of the ground measurement points. At the same time，the environmental vibration threshold induced by the high-speed train running on the bridge is obtained in conjunction with the relevant specification allowances. The research results show that the vertical displacement maximum and vibration level of ground vibration have the tendency of increasing with the predominant period of site soil，while there exists the amplifying phenomena in vibration level for certain ground receivers. When the maximum vertical displacement is taken as the evaluation index of ground vibration，the FVRS can reflect the variety velocity of ground vibration. When the vibration level VLz is taken as the evaluation index，the FVRS can reflect the local properties and effects of site predominant period，distance away from the center of bridge pier and train speed. So the choose of vibration evaluation index should be comprehensive. The FVRS and the vibration threshold graph cannot only provide the referenced rational location surrounding the rail traffic for the proposed building under the requirement of meeting different vibration allowances，but also evaluate the influence of environmental vibrations induced by viaduct rail traffic on existed buildings.