For the problem of poor energy consumption efficiency of energy dissipation structures when the interlayer displacement is small，a viscoelastic damper that can amplify the interlayer displacement of the structure is proposed，and the mechanical model of the displacement-amplified damping system is established. A comparative test of the mechanical properties of a viscoelastic damper with a displacement magnification of 2.5 times and an ordinary viscoelastic damper is carried out. The seismic response of different damping structures is analyzed through a calculation example. The proposed mechanical model is consistent with the experimental results. Compared with ordinary dampers，the output and energy dissipation of displacement-amplified dampers are effectively amplified. Under frequent earthquakes，the additional damping ratio of the additional displacement-amplified viscoelastic damping structure is significantly improved，and the damping energy dissipation is 1.98 times that of the ordinary damping structure.